Results: Five participants 3. Another 15 participants 9. Both of these groups were excluded from the statistical analysis. BMI and physical activity did not significantly affect the hand pattern in males. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free!
Log in Sign Up. What to Know The fourth digit on the hand is known as the ring finger. More Words At Play. Merriam-Webster's Words of the Week - Oct. Homophones, Homographs, and Homonyms. Time Traveler. Love words? Need even more definitions? Ask the Editors 'Everyday' vs. What Is 'Semantic Bleaching'? How 'literally' can mean "figuratively". Literally How to use a word that literally drives some pe The patients excluded from the study were as previously reported [ 13 , 16 , 30 , 31 ], they included individuals with former hand lesions, infertility, endocrinopathies, chromosomal abnormalities, non-hetrosexuals, left-handers, and those with breast cancer, prostate cancer and other cardiac problems.
Written informed consent was obtained and the study was approved by our institutional review board. Subjects without CAD were those without stenosis in any branch. Study interpretation on severity of coronary artery stenosis was conducted by 2 expert readers. Traditional risk factors for CAD such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and smoking were defined as we previously described [ 2 ].
The index finger and ring finger lengths were measured on the palmar surface of hands from the basal crease proximal to the palm to the tip of the finger using vernier calipers measuring to 0. Comparison of the variables between groups was carried out using student t test for numerical variables. Cohen's d was used to calculate effect sizes of group differences. There were no significant difference in age, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and smoking among the four groups Table 1.
A significant difference of 2D:4D between right and left hand were observed only in men in both control and CAD groups. The optimal cutoff point of digit ratio for CAD discrimination in male was 0. But the area under the curve of both hands in female was not statistically significant. View in new window. All other comparisons were not significant. The sex difference in the ratio of 2D:4D such that male subjects have lower 2D:4D than female subjects has be widely studied.
This is consistent with the findings of Manning and Ozdogmus [ 20 , 23 ] in which a low 2D:4D men tended to have their first MI's later in life than men with high 2D:4D ratios and a higher 2D:4D ratio was significantly related to the incidence of fatty streaks and atherosclerosis calcification of the right coronary artery.
Also in accord with Fink and Kyriakidis [ 21 , 22 ] who found a correlation between 2D:4D and neck circumference or MI in men but not in women, we showed that the same correlation between 2D:4D and CAD existed only in men.
As for the sex difference in 2D:4D, Manning et al reported in Europe [ 21 , 27 ] that the mean male 2D:4D ratio was significantly lower than mean female 2D:4D in left-hand and right-hand 2D:4D.
In accordance with the data in China [ 18 , 29 ], we found that men showed significantly smaller 2D:4D ratios than women in right and left hands. In addition, Manning reported that 2D:4D ratio in right hand was lower in males than in females and this was significant for Uygur, Han Chinese and Jamaican samples, with the Oriental Han showing the highest mean 2D:4D, followed by the Caucasian Berbers, Uygurs and Afro-Caribbean individuals [ 24 ].
Regarding the influence of age on the 2D:4D ratio, our results were in agreement with previous report in different nations, that is the 2D:4D ratio was fixed at birth and showed little change during the life span [ 12 , 22 ]. This was supported by Phillips who reported that free testosterone was significantly related to CAD in postmenopausal women [ 32 ]. The 2D:4D ratio and testosterone have been shown to be related also in adulthood [ 33 ].
If low digit ratios are related to higher testosterone, and some evidence points lower testosterone could be considered a risk factor for CAD, then testosterone, digit ratio and CAD might be related. Although both male and female sex hormones have been well-documented to be able to influence vascular biology and to play an important role in coronary artery disease [ 3 - 5 , 34 - 37 ], the steroid theory was not echoed by other studies.
Yang found that 2D:4D ratios, measures of masculine characteristics, and salivary testosterone showed no significant associations with one another in both male and female [ 18 ]. Hauner detected no relationship between sex hormone concentrations and coronary artery disease assessed by angiography in men [ 38 ]. Contrasting to the above theory, a study in Italy reported that patients with CAD have lower testosterone and oestradiol levels than healthy controls, and low testosterone levels are associated with coronary artery disease in male patients with angina [ 6 ].
A case-control study in Brazil concluded that endogenous oestradiol but not testosterone was related to coronary artery disease in men [ 37 ]. Since the circulation levels of sex hormone are not consistently related with CAD, another possibility was put forward. Alevizaki reported that the length of the poly glutamine stretch of the transactivation domain CAG repeat of the androgen receptor inversely affects androgen activity and the shorter CAG repeat of the androgen receptor gene is associated with more severe CAD [ 39 ].
Zheng et al [ 40 ] showed that the 2D:4D ratio in mice is controlled by the balance of androgen to estrogen signaling during a narrow window of digit development.
Androgen receptor activity is higher in digit 4 than in digit 2, and inactivation of androgen receptor decreases growth of digit 4, which causes a higher 2D:4D ratio.
These results suggest that the sensitivity to androgens may play an important role in the increased frequency of CAD in males. It is undoubtedly the case that more studies are needed to elucidate the real causal relationship and the underlining mechanisms between 2D:4D ratios and CAD.
The present findings of positive correlations between 2D:4D ratio and CAD in males suggests that high 2D:4D ratio is predictive of CAD and may be used in diagnosis and in early life-style intervention in Chinese men.
The authors would like to thank Mr. The radial and ulnar nerves supply these muscles. Oxygenated blood arrives at the finger through the common palmar artery, which extends off of the palmar arch connecting the ulnar and radial arteries. The ulnar artery is the main supply of blood to the ring finger. The median , radial , and ulnar nerves provide sensory innervation to this finger. In Western cultures, it is common for people to wear engagement and wedding rings on the fourth digit, often on the left hand.
This injury occurs when the tendon at the topmost joint of the finger is pulled off the bone. Surgical repair is often necessary to fix this injury. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest movable bones of the backbone.
0コメント